The Wiggers Diagram
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The Wiggers Diagram

The Wiggers Diagram is a classic graph in physiology that represents all the events of the cardiac cycle in one picture. It combines: Electrical activity (ECG) Pressure changes (atria, ventricles, aorta) Volume changes (in the ventricles) Heart sounds (phonocardiogram: S1, S2, etc.) This is why it looks so complicated—because everything is happening at once. But if we follow it layer by layer, it makes sense.
Inflammation – An Easy Guide
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Inflammation – An Easy Guide

Inflammation is the body’s protective response to injury, infection, or irritation. Its goal is simple: Eliminate the cause of injury (like microbes or toxins). Clear out damaged tissue. Start repair. It is not always harmful — it’s a survival mechanism. But when excessive or uncontrolled, inflammation itself can cause disease.
Cardiopulmonary Anastomosis – A Simple Guide
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Cardiopulmonary Anastomosis – A Simple Guide

In medicine, anastomosis means a connection or joining between two tubular structures. In the cardiovascular system, it usually refers to the joining of blood vessels that allows alternate routes for blood flow. So, cardiopulmonary anastomosis = the vascular connections between the heart and the lungs that ensure continuous blood supply and oxygen exchange, even if one route is blocked or compromised.
Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction
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Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction

In most of the body, when tissues are low on oxygen, blood vessels open up (dilate) to bring more oxygen. But in the lungs, the opposite happens: low oxygen makes small arteries narrow (constrict). Why? Because the lung’s job is to match airflow (ventilation) with blood flow (perfusion). If one area of the lung isn’t getting air, it makes no sense to send blood there — that blood would leave still “blue” and waste circulation.
Ultrafiltration — A simplified Concept
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Ultrafiltration — A simplified Concept

Fluid movement across a semipermeable membrane is driven by opposing forces: hydrostatic pressure (push) and oncotic pressure (pull due to proteins). The generalized Starling equation describes fluid flux (Jv): Jv = Kf × [ (Pc - Pi) - σ(πc - πi) ]
The Cardiac Cycle
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The Cardiac Cycle

The cycle begins with the atria (the two upper chambers) filling with blood. On the right side, blood comes from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava. On the left side, blood arrives from the lungs via the pulmonary veins