Inflammation – An Easy Guide

Inflammation – An Easy Guide

Inflammation is the body’s protective response to injury, infection, or irritation. Its goal is simple: Eliminate the cause of injury (like microbes or toxins). Clear out damaged tissue. Start repair. It is not always harmful — it’s a survival mechanism. But when excessive or uncontrolled, inflammation itself can cause disease.
Cardiopulmonary Anastomosis – A Simple Guide

Cardiopulmonary Anastomosis – A Simple Guide

In medicine, anastomosis means a connection or joining between two tubular structures. In the cardiovascular system, it usually refers to the joining of blood vessels that allows alternate routes for blood flow. So, cardiopulmonary anastomosis = the vascular connections between the heart and the lungs that ensure continuous blood supply and oxygen exchange, even if one route is blocked or compromised.
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion — Simplified

Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion — Simplified

An ellipse is like a stretched circle. Imagine a circle squeezed sideways — that’s an ellipse. An ellipse has two foci. The Sun sits at one, and the other is empty space. Planets are not moving in perfect circles; their distance to the Sun changes as they orbit.
Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction

Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction

In most of the body, when tissues are low on oxygen, blood vessels open up (dilate) to bring more oxygen. But in the lungs, the opposite happens: low oxygen makes small arteries narrow (constrict). Why? Because the lung’s job is to match airflow (ventilation) with blood flow (perfusion). If one area of the lung isn’t getting air, it makes no sense to send blood there — that blood would leave still “blue” and waste circulation.
Ultrafiltration — A simplified Concept

Ultrafiltration — A simplified Concept

Fluid movement across a semipermeable membrane is driven by opposing forces: hydrostatic pressure (push) and oncotic pressure (pull due to proteins). The generalized Starling equation describes fluid flux (Jv): Jv = Kf × [ (Pc - Pi) - σ(πc - πi) ]
Wave Function (Ψ)

Wave Function (Ψ)

The wave function is a mathematical function — a set of numbers you can calculate — that tells us everything possible about a quantum system. Here’s the key: Ψ itself doesn’t directly give us a physical answer. Instead, when you take its absolute square (|Ψ|²), you get the probability of finding the particle at a particular place or in a particular state.
The Cardiac Cycle

The Cardiac Cycle

The cycle begins with the atria (the two upper chambers) filling with blood. On the right side, blood comes from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava. On the left side, blood arrives from the lungs via the pulmonary veins